adminSeptember 29, 2026comment (0)Sociology

THINKERS ON MODERNITY IN SOCIOLOGY

THINKERS ON MODERNITY IN SOCIOLOGY

  1. Karl Marx connected modernity mainly with capitalism and production relations. According to Marx, the capitalist class wants to increase production to earn more profit. Under capitalism, almost everything can be turned into a commodity and sold in the market. Marx argued that things such as dance, drama, literature and religion can also be commercialized and sold.
  2. Weber considered rationality to be the major feature of modern society.
  3. Durkheim studied the effects of industrialization and urbanization on society. Durkheim believed that society is greater than the individual and strongly emphasized social cohesion. Although Durkheim valued social cohesion, he recognized that society constantly changes.
  4. Ferdinand  Tonnies
  5. Gemeinschaft refers to close-knit community life based on family, kinship and strong personal relationships.
  6. Gesellschaft describes modern urban society, where relationships become more impersonal and weaker because of industrialization and urbanization.
  7. George Simmel

Simmel saw modernity mainly through city life and the money economy. The city concentrates modernity, while money spreads modern ways of life throughout society.

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adminSeptember 29, 2026comment (0)Exam Preparation, Sociology

MODERNIZATION IN SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL SUBJECT

MODERNIZATION IN SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL SUBJECT BY HIMALAI KESHAV SIR FOR IAS

Modernisation of society with below given features

  1. Use of science and technology with innovations
  2. Urbanisation and Industrialisation
  3. Development of Free market with capitalism
  4. Rational Thinking
  5. Professional and technical education
  6. Development of mass media and digital technology
  7. Mass transportation
  8. Matured democracy
  9. Society based on class system
  10. Status bases on achievement
  11. People can change their occupation
  12. Having Nuclear family ie family with one husband and one wife along with children
  13. Division of labour based on occupational specialisation not caste
  14. Religion is private affair
  15. Modern market system
  16. Discovering universal theories for maintaining unity in the family and society

Himalai Keshav Sir’s UPSC & IAS Classes are specially designed for students, working professionals, and homemakers who have limited time but a strong dream of becoming anIAS Officer, District Collector Magistrate

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adminMarch 12, 2026comment (0)Sociology

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, INDIAN POLITY

  1. Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I
    Article 14 of the Constitution of India guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws within the territory of India.
    Statement-II
    Article 14 applies to both citizens and non-citizens.
    Which of the following is correct?
    a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
    b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct but Statement-II is not the correct explanation
    c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
    Answer a)

Article 14 ensures equality before law and equal protection of laws.
This right is available to all persons, including foreigners and legal entities.
The article reflects:
Rule of Law
Absence of arbitrary power
Equal legal protection.
Thus, Statement-II explains why Article 14 applies universally.

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